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Tow'ard heav'n's descent had slop'd his west'ring wheel. Mean while the rural ditties were not mute,

Temper'd to th' oaten flute,

Rough Satyrs danc'd, and Fauns with cloven heel
From the glad sound would not be absent long,
And old Damætas lov'd to hear our song.

35

But O the heavy change, now thou art gone,

Now thou art gone, and never must return!
Thee, Shepherd, thee the woods, and desert caves

With wild thyme and the gadding vine o'ergrown, 40

script before Milton altered
them,

Oft till the ev'n-star bright
Toward heav'n's descent had slop'd
his burnish'd wheel.

31. -his west'ring wheel] Drawing toward the west. Chaucer, Troilus and Creseide, b. ii. ver. 905.

-the sonne

Gan westrin fast, and dounward for to wrie.

31.] And Spenser has to west. F. Q. v. Introd. 8.

And twice hath risen where he now doth west

And wested twice where he ought rise aright.

T. Warton.

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emong

These thickets oft have daunc'd after
his pipe; &c.

Past. Ecl. on the death of Sir P.
Sidney.

36. And old Damatas lov'd to hear our song.] He means pro33. Temper'd to th' oaten flute, bably Dr. William Chappel, who

Boethius III. Metr. 12.
Illic blanda sonantibus

Chordis carmina temperans. Richardson.

So Phineas Fletcher, a popular author in Milton's days, Purpl. Isl. c. ix. st. 3.

Tempering their sweetest notes unto thy lay.

And again, Poeticall Miscel. Camb. 1638. p. 55. Spenser also has, of birds.

had been tutor to them both at Cambridge, and was afterwards Bishop of Cork and Ross in Ire

land.

39. Thee, Shepherd, thee the woods, &c.] This line was thus given in the edition of 1638. Thee shepherds, thee the woods, and

desert caves.

T. Warton.

40. With wild thyme and the gadding vine o'ergrown,] Tully,

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And all their echoes mourn.

The willows, and the hazel copses green,
Shall now no more be seen,

Fanning their joyous leaves to thy soft lays.
As killing as the canker to the rose,

Or taint-worm to the weanling herds that graze,
Or frost to flow'rs, that their gay wardrobe wear,
When first the white-thorn blows;

Such Lycidas, thy loss to shepherds' ear.

45

Where were ye, nymphs, when the remorseless deep

51

Clos'd o'er the head of your lov'd Lycidas?

For neither were ye playing on the steep,

in a beautiful description of the growth of the vine, says, that it spreads itself abroad "multiplici "lapsu et erratico." De Senect. S. XV. T. Warton.

45. As killing as the canker to the rose,] Shakespeare is fond of this image, and, from his very frequent repetitions of it, seems to have suggested it to Milton. T. Warton.

47. Or frost to flow'rs, that their gay wardrobe wear,] Milton had first written, their gay buttons wear; but corrected it in the Manuscript.

50. Where were ye, Nymphs, &c.] He imitates Virgil, Ecl. x. 9.

Quæ nemora, aut qui vos saltus habuere puellæ

Naiades, indigno cum Gallus amore periret ?

Nam neque Parnassi vobis juga,

nam neque Pindi

Ulla moram fecere, neque Aonia
Aganippe.

as Virgil had before imitated
Theocritus, Idyl. i. 66.

Πα ποκ' αρ' ησθ' ὁκα Δαφνις επακετο; πα ποκα νυμφαι;

Η κατα Πηνειω καλα τεμπέα, η κατα
Πινδω;

Ου γαρ δη ποταμοιο μεγαν ῥοον είχετ'
Αναπω,

Ουδ' Αίτνας σκοπιαν, ουδ' Ακεδος ἱερον
ὑδωρ.

50. But see also Spenser's Astrophel, st. 22.

Ah where were ye the while his shepherd peares, &c.

• T. Warton.

52.the steep,
Where your old Bards, the

famous Druids, lie, &c.] Mr. Richardson's conjecture upon this passage, I think, is the best I have seen, that this steep, where the Druids lie, is a place called Kerig y Druidion in the mountains of Denbighshire, or Druids' stones, because of the stonechests or coffins, and other monuments there in abundance, supposed to have been of the Druids. See Camden. Mona is the isle of Anglesey, or the shady island as it was called by the ancient Britons. And Deva is the river Dee, the meaning of which word Deva is by some supposed to be divine water.

Where your old Bards, the famous Druids, lie, Nor on the shaggy top of Mona high,

Nor yet where Deva spreads her wizard stream:

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These places all look toward Ireland, and were famous for the residence of the Bards and Druids, who are distinguished by most authors, but Milton speaks of them as the same, and probably as priests they were Druids, and as poets they were Bards. For Cæsar, who has given us the best and most authentic account of the ancient Druids, says, that among other things they learn a great number of verses. Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur. De Bel. Gall. lib. vi. c. 13.

54. Nor on the shaggy top of Mona high,] In Drayton's Polyolbion, Mona is introduced re

55

citing her own history; where she mentions her thick and dark groves as the favourite residence of the Druids.

Sometimes within my shades, in
many an ancient wood,
Whose often-twined tops great Phe-
bus fires withstood,

The fearlesse British priests, under
an aged oake, &c.

Where, says Selden, "the British "Druids tooke this isle of An"glesey, then well-stored with "thicke woods and religious " groves, in so much that it was "then called Inis dowil, The "dark isle, for their chiefe resi"dence, &c." s. ix. vol. iii. p. 837, 839. Here are Milton's authorities. For the Druid-sepulchres, at Kerig y Druidion, he consulted Camden. T. Warton.

54. -shaggy top] So P. L. vi. 645. The angels uplift the hills,

-By their shaggy tops.

T. Warton.

55. Nor yet where Deva spreads her wizard stream:] In Spenser, the river Dee is the haunt of magicians. Faery Queen, i. ix. 4. The Dee has been made the scene of a variety of ancient British traditions. The city of Chester was called by the Britons the Fortress upon Dee; which was feigned to have been founded by the giant Leon, and to have been the place of King Arthur's magnificent coronation.

But there is another and perhaps a better reason, why Deva's is a wizard stream. In Drayton, this river is styled the hallowed,

5

Aye me! I fondly dream

:

Had ye been there, for what could that have done?

and the holy, and the ominous flood. Polyolb. s. x. vol. iii. p. 848. s. ix. vol. iii. p. 287. s. iv. vol. ii. p. 731. Again, "holy "Dee," Heroicall Epist. vol. i. p. 293. And in his Ideas, vol. iv. p. 1271. And Browne, in his Britannia's Pastorals, b. ii. s. v. p. 117. edit. 1616.

Never more let holy Dee

Ore other rivers brave, &c.

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Much superstition was founded on the circumstance of its being the ancient boundary between England and Wales: see Drayton, s. x. See also s. iii. vol. ii. p. 711. s. xii. vol. iii. p. 901. But in the Eleventh Song, Drayton calls the Weever, a river of Cheshire, The wizard river," and immediately subjoins, that in prophetick Skill it vies with the Dee, s. xi. vol. iii. p. 861. Here we seem to have the origin and the precise meaning of Milton's appellation. In Comus, Wizard also signifies a Diviner where it is applied to Proteus,

ν. 872.

By the Carpathian wizard's hook.

Milton appears to have taken a particular pleasure in mentioning this venerable river. In the beginning of his first Elegy, he almost goes out of his way to specify his friend's residence on the banks of the Dee; which he describes with the picturesque and real circumstance of its tumbling headlong over rocks and precipices into the Irish sea. El. i. 1.

-Occidua Devæ Cesirensis ab ora, Vergivium prono qua petit amne salum.

But to return to the text immediately before us. In the midst of this wild imagery, the tombs of the Druids, dispersed over the solitary mountains of Denbighshire, the shaggy summits of Mona, and the wizard waters of Deva, Milton was in his favourite track of poetry. He delighted in the old British traditions and fabulous histories. have been in some measure But his imagination seems to warmed, and perhaps directed to these objects, by reading Drayton; who in the Ninth and Tenth Songs of his Polyolbion has very copiously enlarged, and almost at one view, on this scenery. It is, however, with great force and felicity Milton, in transferring the clasof fancy, that sical seats of the Muses to Britain, has substituted places of the

most romantic kind, inhabited the visions of British bards. And by Druids, and consecrated by it has been justly remarked, how coldly and unpoetically Pope, in his very correct pastorals, has on the same occasion selected only the fair fields of Isis, and the winding vales of Cam.

But at the same time there is an immediate propriety in the substitution of these places. They are in the vicinity of the Irish seas, where Lycidas was shipwrecked. It is thus Theocritus asks the Nymphs, how it came to pass, that when Daphnis died, they were not in the delicious vales of Peneus, or on the banks of the great torrent Anapus, the sacred water of Acis, or on the summits of mount Etna: because

What could the Muse herself that Orpheus bore,
The Muse herself for her inchanting son,
Whom universal nature did lament,

60

When by the rout that made the hideous roar,
His goary visage down the stream was sent,

all these were the haunts or the habitation of the shepherd Daphnis. These rivers and rocks have a real connection with the poet's subject. T. Warton.

56. Aye me! I fondly dream Had ye been there, for what

And the two last of these editions
were printed under Milton's eye.
Hence Mr. Warton reads,

Aye me! I fondly dream!
Had ye been there, &c.

and he thus explains the pascould that have done?] sage, "Ah me! I am fondly We have here followed the point"dreaming! I will suppose you ing of Milton's manuscript in " had been there-but why should preference to all the editions: " I suppose it, for what would and the meaning plainly is, I "that have availed?" The words fondly dream of your having in Italics supplying the ellipsis. been there, for what would that E. have signified? Mr. Thyer conjectured that the passage should be so pointed, and Milton has so pointed it, though he does not often observe the stops in his Manuscript. Mr. Jortin likewise perceived this to be the sense, and asks whether this transposition would not be better than the common reading.

dream

Had ye been there-Aye me, I fondly
For what could that have done?
What could the Muse &c:

56. Perhaps the passage may be understood thus, " I fondly " dream of your assistance if ye " had been there, for what could "your presence have availed? "What could the Muse herself, " &c."

The printed copies of 1638, 1645, and 1673, have it,

Aye me, I fondly dream!
Had ye been there for what could
that have done?

VOL IV.

58. What could the Muse &c.] Milton had first written thus,

What could the golden hair'd Calliope
For her inchanting son!
When she beheld (the Gods far-sighted

be)

His goary scalp roll down the Thracian lee:

but in his Manuscript he altered
these lines with judgment. And
afterwards his goary visage was
a correction from his divine visage.
58. P. L. vii. 37. Of Orpheus
torn in pieces by the Bacchana-
lians.

-Nor could the Muse defend
Her son.

And his murderers are called
" that wild rout," v. 34. Calliope
was the mother of Orpheus.
Lycidas, as a poet, is here tacitly
compared with Orpheus. T.

Warton.

60. -Universal nature.] So " universal Pan," P. L. iv. 266. T. Warton.

L

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