The firing on Fort Sumter united the Northern States in defense of the Union. The passage of this bill in anything like its present form will again unite them in the protection of their industries. -Senator W. D. Washburn, Minnesota.

GOLD AND SILVER, BARS FURNISHED FOR USE IN MANUFAC

TURES AND THE ARTS, IN 1892.

In Great Britain the standard is gold; the monetary unit is the pound sterling; the value in United States coin is $4.86.61; the coins are gold: sovereign (pound sterling) and sovereign. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 14.28 of limited silver.

GREECE.

In Greece the standard is gold and silver; the monetary unit is the drachma; the value in United States coin is $0.19.3; the coins are gold: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 drachmas; silver: 5 drachmas. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold, 15 of silver, or 1 of gold to 14.38 of limited

silver.

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D

You cannot reduce the laborer to a state of starvation and degradation without also destroying national prosperity.

-Senator J. N. Dolph, Oregon.

HAITI.

H

In Haiti the standard is gold and silver; the monetary unit is the gourde; the value in United States money is $0.96.5; the coins are silver: gourde. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 151 of silver. HAY.

In 1870 the hay acreage in the United States was but 19,861,805 acres, yielding 24,525,000 tons of hay of the home value of $338,969,680; while in 1880 the acreage had increased to 25,863,955 acres, producing 31,925,233 tons of the home value of $371,811,084; while in 1893 the acreage had reached the enormous figure of 49,619,469 acres. The product was 65,766,158 tons of the home value of $570,882,872, or more than double the value of the cotton crop, which in 1888 was $292,139,209; $144,540,110 more than twice the value of the wheat crop in 1893, the latter being but $213,171,381; nearly fifteen times greater than the tobacco crop, which was but $39,155,442 in 1893, and more than five times the value of the potato crop, which in 1893 was $108,661,801, and within a fraction of as much in value as the corn crop of 1893, which was $591,625,627.

The tariff on foreign hay under the McKinley act was $4 per to n, and notwithstanding this rate of duty, we imported from Canada for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, 104,181 tons of the value of $962,221.51, on which we collected a duty of $416,724.86. The year ending June 30, 1890, prior to the passage of the McKinley act, we imported 124,544 tons of hay of the value of $1,143,445. The duty in the new law is $2 per ton.

HAY. FARMERS' LOSS FROM THE NEW TARIFF.

If, as argued by Democrats, the whole amount of the tariff rates on foreign products is added to the domestic products of like kind; then whatever reduction the new tariff makes on foreign hay will be taken from the farmers' price of home products. The following table shows the loss to our farmers on hay alone on this hypothesis, namely $131,532,316.

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The only liberty worth having in this country
is the equal liberty of all men alike.
-Senator C. K. Davis, Minnesota.

HAY, 1893.

Table showing the production of hay in 1893, the value thereof, and the constructive loss by reason of reduction of duty under the new tariff law.

Whatever the future industrial system of this country may be, the past system is a splendid monument to that series of successful statesmen who found the country bankrupt and distracted, and left it first on the list of nations.

-Hon. Thos. B. Reed, Maine.

HAWAII.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

The natives of Hawaii are of the brown Polynesian race, and at the time they first became known to the whites, numbered about 400,000. But like all the weaker races in contact with the stronger they have been unable to resist the new diseases, vices and habits, and have now diminished to about 40,000.

Few stories are more deeply interesting to the student than the history of this far-off diminutive island people and kingdom. Discovered by Capt. Cook in 1779, and visited three times by Vancouver before 1796, they were neglected by white men until the arrival of the first company of American missionaries in 1820, to be followed by another in 1823 and a third in 1828. Up to 1848 twelve companies of missionaries went from the United States. They found a people in the bonds of idolatry of a pagan priesthood and superstition enforced by the dreadful penalty of the "tabu," and yet singularly, open-minded and amenable to the influences of civilization. The chieftain class were distinctively superior to the common people as much in physique, courage, mental, and moral force as they were in rank. Their government and land tenures approximated to the feudal system. In the Kamehameha dynasty they were fortunate in a line of kings who possessed lofty qualities of both head and heart. Under their benign influence and sway, Christianity was welcomed and adopted; churches and schools took the place of idols and superstition; the language was reduced to writing, and the Bible translated. Before the end of 1824, 2,000 people had learned to read, and a popular system of schools spread rapidly over the islands. The eagerness of the people to acquire the new and wonderful art of reading and writing was intense, and at length almost the whole population attended school.

Not only did the natives accept Christianity and education, but the American influence upon their Government, upon its framework and conduct, from the outset was profound. As early as 1839 the King promulgated a Declaration of Rights, which may be considered as the Magna Charta of Hawaiian freedom. When the commanders of French or British ships sought to get possession of the islands they found that they had to deal not merely with native rulers, but with skillful and accomplished American or European diplomatists, backed by important vested commercial interests. In 1839, when Capt. La Place, in command of a French frigate, exacted an idemnity of $20,000 as a guaranty of harsh and unreasonable demands with the hope that because of the inability of the King to procure the money he could seize the islands, the white merchants promptly subscribed and deposited the sum. When in 1842,

1

I am aware of the difficulties that will arise in this country in reducing wages to the level of Asiatic wages and the wages of some of the countries of Europe. -Senator W. M. Stewart, Nevada.

HAWAII. (Continued.)

at the instigation of the British consul, Lord George Paulet, in command of a British frigate, compelled from Kamehameha III a deed of cession of the islands, his action was anticipated by the King, who had already sent a commissioner to the United States and to England, on whose representation and request, with the added interposition of the American Government, the British Government promptly repudiated the transaction, and with the French Government reciprocally agreed never to take possession of the islands. Notwithstanding this treaty, however, in 1849 Admiral de Tromelin, in command of a French frigate took military possession of the fort, Government offices, custom-house, and other royal property; their demands continuing to be harshly pressed, Kamehameha in 1851 made to the American consul in escrow a conditional proclamation of the cession of the islands to the United States; and thereafter and upon the urgency of the American Government, the French abandoned their pressure. With this incident all active efforts of Great Britain and France to dominate the islands ceased.

Under American influence constitutional government was established in the islands by the adoption of a written constitution after the English analogy, containing the safeguards of Anglo-American liberty. In 1851 Mr. Severance, the American consul writes:

"The popular representative body is for the most part composed of natives of the United States, and so is the executive part of the Government as well as the judiciary, at least in the high courts."

In addition to all this, American commercial and property interests predominated from the outset. As early as 1842, the Hawaiian Commission to obtain from the United States the recognition of their sovereignty, stated to Mr. Webster, that annually not less than from five to seven millions of American property, in from 90 to 100 American whalers and from twelve to fifteen merchant vessels, lay in Hawaiian harbors and roadsteads receiving protection from the Hawaiian Government. Mr. Severance in his dispatch of 1851 adds:

"The American interest-missionary, mercantile, and otherwise-is altogether paramount. Three-fourths at least of the business done here is by Americans, and they already own much of the real estate."

The earlier intimacy between the islands and the United States was of course greatly augmented by the annexation and development of California, Oregon, and our Pacific coast; until finally these growing influences led to the reciprocity treaty of 1875-still subsisting-under which the Hawaiian Government became a part of the American commercial system and shared in the unlimited resources of the American market. In its own comprehensive terms the treaty was made “ to consolidate the commercial intercourse" of the two countries. And it had consolidated them, at the very hour when the infatuated Queen Liliuokalani was proposing to put her heel on the neck of every American on the islands. Every material interest of the islands was part and parcel of their iden.