The History of Protective Tariff Laws - Richard Wigginton Thompson - Google Libros

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CONTENTS.

General reflections-Necessity of material development to a

nation-England hostile to it in the Colonies-Her legislation to prevent

Limited extent of United States-No commerce-Tribute paid

to English manufacturers-Public sentiment united in the demand for

American manufactures. .

Petitions in favor of protection-Washington recommends pro-

tection-Necessary to independence.

First Congress adopts protection-Action of the House of Repre-

sentatives-Madison introduces revenue bill-Amended by making it

protective Madison supports the amendment- His opinion of its

constitutionality.

First act of Congress for both revenue and protection-Opposed

by those opposed to the Government - Protection defended by ablest

men in Congress - Its constitutionality undoubted - Tariff of 1789

passed-Approved by Washington-Universally celebrated.

Washington approves protection of manufactures - House of

Representatives directs report from Hamilton, Secretary of the Treas-

ury - His broad field of inquiry.

Report of Secretary of Treasury - Overthrows the doctrine of

free trade - Necessity for diversity of occupations- If all cultivated

the soil, our national resources could not be developed.

77

Protection supported by John Adams - Also by Jefferson - Its

effect upon revenue -- Producing surplus — Also upon trade and com-

merce- Jefferson recommends it, notwithstanding surplus- Proposes

internal improvements by amending the Constitution.

Relations with England and France - Embargo law - Jefferson

considered protection imperative-Duties prohibitory if necessary —

Proceedings of Congress - Protection referred to Committee - Favor-

able report - Increased duties recommended-Question referred to

Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury-First opposition to protection - Galla-

tin's report - Recommends bounties to manufacturers. .

Madison recommends protection as necessary to independence-

Manufactures made necessary by the war with England-Necessary

to increase of domestic staples - Cannot be independent without them. 103

Madison recommends protection after the war with England —

Necessary to pay debt of the war - Also to encouragement of agricult-

ure-Tariff act of 1816 — Madison on constitutionality of protection

Protection direct, not incidental —- Pertains to commerce, not revenue

Congressional proceedings-Tariff of 1816-Protection of cot-

ton and wool-Madison in favor of protection - Leaders of House

of Representatives - Bill reported - Opinion of committee - Opposed

to free trade and favoring protection -- Threat by Lord Brougham

Congress firm for protection. .

Proceedings of House of Representatives on Tariff of 1816 —

Opinions of Clay, Lowndes and Ingham-Calhoun in charge of bill-

Defends it against Randolph of Virginia-His conclusive argument

He favors protection - - Necessary for home markets - Bill passed.

Tariff of 1816 produces general rejoicing-Jefferson's letter to

Austin defending protection - His letter to Simpson to sarme effect-

The act of 1816 strongly protective — No sectional issues existing - Close

of Madison's administration - His popularity.

Monroe becomes President - Approves protection - Advocates

home markets-Protection increases prosperity - Necessary to inde-

pendence - Not to be abandoned even if demand for labor reduced

Free trade intended by England to destroy our manufactures - Monroe

opposes it by recommending additional protection

Monroe recommends additional duties while revenue was suffi-

cient and increasing - Tariff of 1824 passed for that purpose- - Monroe's

administration favorable to patriotic legislation No party platforms —

England proposes free trade to counteract protection - Her wealth pro-

duced by protection - Her object in protective and navigation laws

Her claim of superiority for her manufactures

Producers of cotton influenced by England to advocate free

trade - They prefer English to American manufactures - Their interests

promoted by protection - Cotton manufacturers in the United States-

American cotton not favored at first by England - That from her Colo-

nies preferred-Cotton-gin and sea-island cotton produced change —

Gave United States advantage - Free trade intended to continue Eng-

lish monopoly - English relations to foreign trade

English manufactures injured by competition with those of the

United States and France - Movements toward free trade - Huskisson,

free trade leader - His policy to produce it - Cheap labor makes cheap

manufactures-Influence of English arguments in United States - They

criticise protection-Chief objection that it draws labor away from culti-

vation of land-We must cultivate all our land before manufacturing -

People here too independent for manufacturing laborers - England

should continue manufacturing because of her cheap labor

Presidential contest of 1824-All the candidates favor protec-

tion - Jackson voted for tariff of 1824-Clay for that and tariff of

1816- Jackson's letter to Coleman-No farm products except cotton

have markets-We must become Americanized-Labor must be dis-

tributed - John Quincy Adams elected by House of Representatives -

Fierce controversy ensues Adams favors protection- Jackson again

a candidate He favors protection - Murmurings in South Carolina

against protection

Adams assailed as the enemy of protection - Jackson supported

as its friend-Controversy on the subject - The United States Tele-

graph urges Jackson's election to save protection-Charges Adams,

Clay and Webster with a combination to destroy it - Also charges Adams

with opposition to internal improvements and the "American System" -

Defends Jackson as the friend of these measures - Jackson committee

in District of Columbia - His friends in Pennsylvania — They defend

him as a protectionist
. 188

Protection in the West-Senate of Indiana call upon Jackson

for his views His reply to the Governor, strongly indorsing protec-

tion That was the leading issue in the election - Jackson elected upon

it Adams defends it in his last messsage.

Presidential election of 1828 indorsed protection — Defended in

Congress by Jackson's supporters - Also by Jackson in his inaugural,

and in his first message - Manufactures increase price of agricultural

productions - They create home markets - Jackson favored discrimi-

nating and not horizontal duties - Necessary to create competition

Jackson's administration-Condition of the treasury and the

public debt He did not favor reduction of duties to avoid a surplus-

Favored protection notwithstanding surplus-Recommended distribu-

tion of surplus-Congratulations on account of tariff of 1828 - Pro-

tection constitutional - Agrees with Madison Revenue the primary

object, but discrimination for protection necessary — Up to that time

all the Presidents favored protection

Sectional controversy approaching - Cotton interest aroused –

Free trade in South-Tariff of 1828 denounced - Defended by Jack-

son - His exultation at general prosperity — Revenue and public debt —

Surplus to be distributed and protection maintained - His spirit of

compromise Revenue limited to wants of government and surplus

avoided-War upon his administration - Tariff of 1832 passed - Duties

upon protected and non-protected articles- Horizontal duties steps

toward free trade

Condition of the treasury-Duties on teas- Hayne attacked

protection - Opposition to Jackson's administration by advocates of free

trade — Jackson firm-Secretary of Treasury favors protection and

increase of salaries and expenses to avoid surplus — No abandonment of

protection Proceeds of public land to be withdrawn from revenue to

avoid surplus-Bounties - Protection of 1789 - Its beneficial effects 238

House of Representatives-McDuffie Chairman Committee

Ways and Means -Adams of Committee of Manufactures - Their

reports: former against protection, the latter for it-Effort to unite cotton

section against Jackson-Object was to defeat his reëlection — Free

trade arguments-Excitement produced by tariff of 1832 in Southern

section-Sectional contest inaugurated

Presidential campaign of 1832-Calhoun headed party against

Jackson-Van Buren nominated for Vice-presidency-Party organized

against protection and against Jackson- Favored horizontal tariff —

Jackson unterrified - South Carolina refuses to vote for him --- Passed
nullification ordinance Formed military organizations Threats
against the Union - Their formidable character

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Jackson reaffirms the propriety of protection-Opposed nulli-

fication His proclamation and message His conciliatory spirit-

Protection must be preserved - Revenue to be regulated by wants of

Government - Conciliation scornfully rejected

Jackson stands by his proclamation-Protection constitutional-

Motives cannot vitiate a law - Nor inequality-Governor of South

Carolina issues a proclamation - He denounces Jackson-Special

message of Jackson-Willing to reduce revenue, but not to abandon

. 255

Force bill passed-South Carolina legislature attacked Jackson

- Passed secession resolutions - Bill to modify the tariff -- Compromise

act of 1833 passed — Its principles - Duties reduced to horizontal standard

in 1842 - Receipts from customs exceeded expenditures - No further

reduction in 1834- Receipts and expenditures for several years - Pay-

ment of public debt-Jackson changed his opinion about surplus —

His farewell address - Protection preserved - War upon his policy con-

tinuedThreats of Governor McDuffie - He advocates free trade .283

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