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In this table the factory system of New England, stimulated by the markets of New York and Boston, brings the farm and the home market very close together, as illustratd in the case of Vermont, where 47 per cent. of the people are engaged in agriculture with an annual return of $400 each, but otherwise, the principles. underlying the whole system are true.

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In this, the third table, it will be noticed that two-thirds of the people are dependent directly upon agriculture, and as a result the average income drops to $261 per annum,

The great States of Iowa, Minnesota, and Nebraska lead in the value per capita of products. Here may be found the greatest agri. cultural development by reason of soll, climate, and enterprise. This

FARM VALUES-Continued.

group, with three millions engaged in agriculture, produced a value of $786,000,000; while in table No. 2 it is shown that one million and a half engaged in agriculture produced nearly as much, being $616,000,000. These States are gradually gaining in factory enterprise,

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Here is found a group of States in which an average of 77 per cent. of the people are engaged in agriculture. South Carolina stands at the bottom in the list of earnings, with $140 as the per capita income of those engaged in agriculture in the State.

No better argument is to be found in all the history of the past or in present results. This vast territorial section, covered by Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and the Carolinas, equals if not surpasses any like area of territory on the Western continent in fertility, climate, and the natural resources incident to easy transportation and communication one with the other. Georgia ought to be the leading State in wealth of the United States to-day, considering age, opportunity, climate, soil, and location; but she stands almost at the foot of the list-her agricultural people earning but $155 annually.

The foregoing tables and the criticisms thereon give to the observing student a further and better opportunity to understand why tariff reform, as perfected in the Wilson bill, is a sectional, Southern product in character very much like the States in industrial development, whose narrow-minded Representatives were its framers and advocates.

FEDERAL INTERFERENCE and Democratic Platform. No. 150.

[From the New York Tribune, July 17.]

In the summer of 1894 a great riot broke out in Chicago as an indirect result of a labor dispute, and threatened to extend to other sections of the country. For several days the law-abiding citizens

FEDERAL INTERFERENCE-Continued.

of the United States, forgetful of any sympathy they may have had with the laboring men whose grievance led to the trouble, were in anxious suspense, asking themselves if mob rule was finally to triumph in this land, and European observers predicted that the break-up of the American Union was imminent. The governor of Illinois, whose duty it was to maintain order, sympathized with anarchy, and had pardoned the Haymarket bomb-throwers. He took no measures to enforce law, and finally the Federal Government was obliged to step in and protect life and property. Now, the convention which nominated Bryan and Sewall bids for the support of the disorderly elements by this declaration concerning the Chicago riots:

PROTECTING REBELLION.

We denounce arbitrary interference by Federal authorities in local affairs as a violation of the Constitution of the United States and a crime against free institutions, and we especially object to government by injunction as a new and highly dangerous form of oppression by which Federal judges, in contempt of the laws of the States and rights of citizens, become at once legislators, judges, and executioners; and we approve the bill passed at the last session of the United States Senate and now pending in the House of Representatives relative to contempts in Federal courts, an l providing for trials by jury in certain cases of contempt.

it was the Federal troops and the Federal courts that kept Chicago from pillage two years ago and stopped at the beginning what threatened to be widespread disorder. The Chicago platform means that the United States Government must under no conditions take action to protect life, to enforce Federal statutes, or even suppress rebellion in any State, so long as a weak or corrupt governor fails to ask Federal aid. That takes us back to 1861, when governors were abetting rebellion and the United States authorities found means of putting it down, though they fought four years to do so. This country is not ripe for such another struggle, nor ready to approve the doctrine that the Federal Government cannot fight for its own life in spite of all the mayors, governors, or sheriffs in existence.

FEDERAL JUDICIARY-Assault of Chicago Platform on Constitutional Tenure of Justices of Supreme and other U. S. Courts.

No. 151.

How much of the time-honored tradition of the Democracy is there in the make-up of a convention which can stamp an assault upon the life tenure of the Federal judiciary as Democratic? The

FEDERAL JUDICIARY—Continued.

true Democratic doctrine-time-honored by more than a centuryholds that the tenure of the Federal judiciary was wisely made "during good behavior."

The platform declares: "We are opposed to life tenure in the public service."

From the days of Marbury vs. Madison to those of the income-tax cases, there have been many criticisms of the opinions of the Supreme Court, but the platform at Chicago is the first party assault upon the constitutional tenure of the Justices. The man who by his vote for the candidates indorses the platform, justifies a political Supreme Court "as it may hereafter be constituted."

“I have always thought," said Chief Justice Marshall, when discussing the judicial system in the Virginia convention of 1829, "from my earliest youth till now, that the greatest scourge an angry Heaven ever inflicted upon an ungrateful and a sinning people was an ignorant or corrupt or a dependent judiciary," "as it may hereafter be constituted," and over the head of which hangs the sword of political power. That modern improvement is a slander on the Democratic party of Jefferson, Jackson, of all leaders and followers from 1800 to 1896, and on all men who honor and revere the great tribunal which crowns the edifice of republican government.

What Mr. Bryan said May 21, 1895, on this subject is significant: "So long as our Supreme Court judges are appointed for life and recommended for appointment by corporations, so long will it be impossible to compel the possessors of large incomes to contribute their just share to meet the expenses of the Government. It is possible that an amendment to the Constitution specifically providing for an income tax would be sufficient to enable Congress to pass a law that would stand, but if the court is determined to prevent the imposition of a tax upon wealth some excuse would be found for suspending the operation of any law passed.

"If the people of the United States are determined to secure justice in taxation they must be prepared to go to the root of the difficulty and adopt an amendment to the Constitution providing for the election of all United States judges for a definite time."

FINE BARS.

No, 152.

Gold or silver bars resulting from the operations of parting and refining. Bars containing 99 per cent, of pure metal are generally considered as fine bars,

No. 153.

FINENESS OF METAL.

A term indicating the proportion of pure metal contained in a piece of gold or silver. Fineness is expressed in thousandths; that is, pure metal is 1000 fine. United States coin is nine hundred onethousandths fine, or, decimally, .900 fine. Fineness is estimated by jewelers and workers in the precious metals by "carats," pure metal being 24 carats. Thus, 22 carats, the British standard for gold coins, is 22-24, or, decimally, .916 2-3 fine.

FIRE INSURANCE-Policy - holders as Money-lenders— What Free Silver at 16 to 1 Proposes to Do for Them. No. 154.

The fire insurance policy holder is a peculiar illustration of the actual application of the brilliant free-silver idea. The statistics do not give the number of insurers, but we know that it must include at least two-thirds of all men doing business and a great majority of the householders of the country. The total risks written, by the statistics at hand, was over $16,000,000,000; but the value of the insurance shown by the policy-holders' surplus was $1,352,225,196. Estimating the household insurers at 1,200,000 and the business insurers at 600,000, which is conjectural but surely within the limits, this makes the average investment in fire insurance about $750 to each person. From each of these persons, every one of them producers, the great free-silver idea proposes to take away half of the value of his policy in force when the change of standard takes place.

No, 155.

FOREIGN COINS-Value of.

The law requires that the value of foreign coins as expressed in the money of account of the United States shall be that of the pure metal of such coin of standard value; and the values of the standard coins in circulation of the various nations of the world shall be estimated quarterly by the Director of the Mint, and be proclaimed by the Secretary of the Treasury immediately after the passage of this act and thereafter quarterly on the 1st day of January, April, July, and October in each year,

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